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The alphabet

Every letter is a syllable, not just a consonant. Take the shape for ለ (l) and change its tail seven ways — one for each vowel.

ግዕዝ
1 · “ä”
the plain sound
ካዕብ
2 · “u”
oo, like 'boot'
ሳልስ
3 · “i”
ee, like 'see'
ራብዕ
4 · “a”
ah, like 'car'
ሓምስ
5 · “e”
ay, like 'day'
ሳድስ
6 · “ə”
a tiny 'uh', or silent
ሳብዕ
7 · “o”
oh, like 'go'
ሀha soft breath — 'ha'
ለllike the l in 'lion'
ሐḥa deeper h, from the throat
መmhum it — 'mmm'
ረra little rolled r
ሰslike a snake, 'sss'
ሸšquiet please — 'shh'
ቀqa k made at the very back
ቐq̈a softer, breathier ቀ
በbpop your lips — 'buh'
ተttap your tongue — 'tuh'
ቸčlike ch in 'chair'
ነnthrough your nose — 'nnn'
ኘñlike the ny in 'canyon'
አʾjust the vowel, no consonant
ከklike k in 'kite'
ኸḵa breathy k, like clearing your throat
ወwround your lips — 'wuh'
ዐʿa squeeze deep in the throat
ዘzbuzz like a bee — 'zzz'
የylike y in 'yes'
ደdlike d in 'drum'
ጀjlike j in 'jump'
ገglike g in 'goat'
ጠṭa punchy t — say it hard
ጨč̣a punchy ch
ጰp̣a punchy p
ጸṣa punchy s — 'ts'
ፈfblow gently — 'fff'
ፐppop it — 'puh'

30 everyday families cover almost everything a child reads. 5 more appear mainly in older and religious texts, and the 30 “-wa” letters below sit outside the grid. 35 × 7 = 245, plus 30 = 275 letters in total.

The “-wa” letters

A handful of letters carry a built-in w. They sit outside the seven columns but turn up in very ordinary words.